Modern Marvels How Gold Became The Most Precious Metal (S6, E24)
The quest for the yellow metal took men across oceans, into the depths of the Alaskan winter, and miles beneath South African earth. See more in Season 6, Episode 24, "Gold Mines."
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00:00From deep beneath the earth, mankind's most precious metal, eternally gleaming, universally
00:14prized, now, Goldmines on Modern Marvels.
00:30The steel cage hurtles into the earth, dropping it an exhilarating 50 feet per second.
00:41In ten minutes, the passengers have descended two miles beneath the surface.
00:51This is the latest incarnation of a grand obsession, the hunt for gold.
01:01The South African deep mines are the richest gold mines in the world today, and the most
01:08treacherous.
01:11The natural temperature is 128 degrees.
01:16Air conditioning lowers that to a balmy 96.
01:21Subterranean reservoirs can dump 1,000 gallons of water an hour into a tunnel, resulting
01:27in stifling 100% humidity.
01:34Tunneling more than two miles deep pushes natural forces to the limit.
01:41Despite the best precautions that modern science can devise, these men encounter deadly
01:46risks that cannot be predicted or prevented.
01:50In the very deep mines, there's a tremendous force on the rock to enter the empty space.
02:00The day I first arrived in South Africa to go into one of the deep mines, three men were
02:05killed in that mine as I approached it.
02:09They'd been working.
02:10They had no notion that anything was wrong.
02:13And there wasn't anything wrong, except they were working in a deep mine.
02:16And the rock burst is like a machine gun.
02:22Spontaneous rock explosions are but one obstacle in man's enduring quest for the yellow medal.
02:30There is something about gold.
02:32If somebody says there's gold and it's free for the taking, thousands of people will uproot
02:38their lives to chase it.
02:41Heavy, lustrous, nearly indestructible, it has long symbolized power, wealth, and love.
02:54Archaeological digs of ancient societies have unearthed gold jewelry and coins from all
02:58corners of the globe.
03:03In recent years, excavations in Bulgaria have uncovered the earliest known treasure, a 6,000
03:11year old cache of solid gold sculptures.
03:15The discovery revealed an ancient ability to both mine and purify medals.
03:22Objects that were found in Bulgaria had been processed through a smelting circuit of some
03:27kind that told us that these people knew how to clean up the iron, the tin, and the
03:35other impurities in gold ore so that they could end up with a gold-colored, malleable
03:41gold that could be cast into delicate objects.
03:48Gold mining and craftsmanship reached new sophistication with the Egyptians of 2,900
03:54B.C.
03:56Using the same persistence and forced labor that built the pyramids, they dug the first
04:01underground mines with shafts up to 300 feet deep.
04:08The Egyptians heated cave walls with fire and followed that by a dousing of cold water
04:14that created fissures.
04:16Those cracks were then ripped open by picks.
04:20They used sodium chloride, salt, to separate gold from lesser metals.
04:26The solution attracts silver, pulling it away from the gold.
04:35Egyptians worshipped gold as the incarnation of the sun god and used it to sanctify their
04:40most sacred rituals.
04:46When the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamen was unearthed in 1922, the boy king lay surrounded
04:53by a magnificent array of golden artifacts.
04:57From the sarcophagus to the solid gold death mask, the object shone just as brightly as
05:04on the day he died 3,500 years before.
05:12Among native peoples of the Americas, the most advanced gold work came from the Moche
05:17of Peru.
05:20By 500 A.D., they were dipping copper in a dissolved solution of gold, creating an early
05:27form of gold plating.
05:32By 1,000 A.D., gold mining was common in the Americas.
05:38Europeans used gold to create elaborate ceremonial objects, like this breast ornament.
05:44In Mexico, Aztec markets sold exquisite wares crafted by goldsmiths.
05:55Europeans of the Middle Ages believed that gold had spiritual powers.
06:00For 1,000 years, alchemists pursued a mystical vision that said he who transformed lead into
06:07gold would convert sin into virtue.
06:12The alchemists were very serious investigators, trying to convert lead into silver, copper
06:20into gold, and they passed this on from father to son, and went in many of the large cities
06:27in Europe.
06:28There were teachers of alchemistry in the universities.
06:31It was very serious indeed.
06:36Slowly realizing that only natural forces can create gold, scientists turned their attention
06:42to improving mining techniques.
06:47Ore had traditionally been lifted to the surface by hand-operated windlasses.
06:53They gave way to the first widespread use of horses underground.
06:59There were animals of burden that could pull all these ore cars to a shaft where it could
07:05be raised to the surface where they could extract the gold.
07:10These horses lived underground, literally.
07:12There were stables underground.
07:14They never went to the surface unless they were injured or getting old.
07:22In Europe, ambitious large-scale projects harnessed powerful sources of energy.
07:29The Germans were very clever in the Middle Ages, building ponds up to eight miles away
07:34from the mine, and then troughs that would take the water all the way to the mine, and
07:39this water would then be used to turn giant water wheels.
07:43These water wheels were then used as hoists with the rope to hoist up the ore out of the
07:48mine.
07:52European legend said that gold follows the sun into the West.
07:59Settlers journeyed to the Americas not to settle, not to populate, but to collect gold
08:05for their European masters.
08:11Gold became one of the principal objectives for every one of the expeditions into the
08:17Americas, not only with the Spaniards early on, but later, the first English expeditions,
08:23for example, Jamestown.
08:25One of the first things the settlers of Jamestown were supposed to do was search for gold.
08:33For 6,000 years, from Bulgaria to Egypt to Germany, commoners had labored mightily to
08:40produce gold for their rulers.
08:45But as the 19th century dawned, adventurers from around the globe would descend upon the
08:51new world in a frenzy of gold fever.
09:01Gold is so dense that a cube weighing one ton measures just 14.2 inches on each side.
09:15Until 1799, gold mining was done in the name of king and country.
09:22It would take the freedom of the new world and an unlikely discovery to bring gold fever
09:27to the masses.
09:33Little Meadow Creek outside Charlotte, North Carolina.
09:37Here a 12-year-old boy would ignite the world's first great gold rush.
09:42In 1799, on a Sunday, Conrad Reed was playing hooky from church.
09:51He went along Little Meadow Creek, and he saw something that attracted his attention.
09:55He reached down and picked it up, and he realized it was very unusual, very heavy.
10:00Took it back to the family, and nobody was able to recognize it as gold.
10:05They used it as a doorstop for three years.
10:11One of his neighbors suggested that Reed take this rock into Fayetteville with him,
10:15took it to a jeweler, and it was the jeweler that identified it as gold.
10:21Reed didn't really know what the value of this thing was, and the jeweler got away with
10:26giving him $3.50 for this 17-pound nugget of gold.
10:33With gold then worth $15 an ounce, John Reed had been swindled out of $3,600.
10:43Word spread like wildfire, and thousands of Welsh, Cornish, Germans, Austrians, and Poles
10:49flocked to the region.
10:53Within a decade, seven languages could be heard on the streets of Charlotte.
10:59By 1820, there were 300 gold mines in North Carolina.
11:06At first, prospectors used traditional methods, called placer mining, which relies on nature
11:12to do the heavy lifting.
11:16Instead of men digging underground, natural forces bring subterranean earth to the surface.
11:24For millions of years, water flows erode mountains, exposing underground ores and depositing
11:30gold in streams.
11:34The miner merely searches the river and then separates out his treasure from sand and gravel.
11:43While prospectors are usually lucky to find tiny yellow flakes, the Reed gold mine property
11:48contained riches worthy of a pharaoh.
11:53Golds dug three to five feet deep, so-called placer pits, yielded astonishing finds.
12:01Along Little Meadow Creek, those pits became quite numerous as they dug up nuggets just
12:06like digging up potatoes.
12:09In one area, they found 155 and three-quarter pounds of gold, every single nugget in excess
12:16of one pound each, in these placer pits.
12:22In 1825, the source of gold was traced to white, milky quartz in the mountains above
12:28rivers.
12:30Southern miners quickly moved underground to exploit the find.
12:35They were largely individuals with little experience and few resources, and dug big
12:40holes without reinforcement, making cave-ins a constant threat.
12:50Charlotte established a pattern that would hold for future gold rushes.
12:54A lucky few hit the jackpot, while the vast majority struggled to survive.
13:00A miner's daily take might average $1, equivalent to $15 today.
13:11In 1829, gold was discovered in Dahlonega, Georgia, and soon after in Alabama and South
13:18Carolina.
13:21Nearly 1,000 mines dotted the southern landscape.
13:25In Georgia, the pay dirt lay beneath territory held by the Cherokee Nation.
13:32After the discovery of gold, the question for Georgians becomes, what are they going
13:36to do with the land?
13:38How are they going to distribute this land?
13:40The Cherokees are on it.
13:41They don't want to give it up.
13:45Georgia decided to raffle the land off in a lottery, and prohibited the Indians from
13:50participating.
13:54The Cherokees won a legal victory in the U.S. Supreme Court to keep their land, but President
13:59and Indian fighter Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the decision.
14:06In 1838, the U.S. Army forced the tribe 800 miles west, across the infamous Trail of Tears.
14:20A decade later, gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in Northern California, and the southern
14:26gold rush would be forever dwarfed by the greatest human migration since the Crusades.
14:34People left farms, people left jobs, whole towns would vacate, they would turn themselves
14:40into a colony, and the men would go off.
14:45They came from China, Australia, Russia, and Brazil, braving an overland trek via the Oregon
14:51Trail, or an epic sea voyage around South America.
14:57They shared dreams of a bountiful future, and almost total ignorance of the task ahead.
15:06People had no clue as to what it took to get gold, and it was huge work.
15:18Labor in the diggings was back-breaking.
15:22You had to take advantage of certain times of the year when the flow of water had enough
15:27volume to wash the sands and gravels.
15:31This meant bent over next to a stream with ice-cold water for 12 hours or more a day.
15:37This meant shoveling huge mounds of pay dirt for 12, 15 hours or more a day.
15:44Many of these men ruined their health with this kind of effort, day in and day out for
15:48three or four months in a row.
15:55The men used primitive techniques, only marginally improved since the time of the Egyptians.
16:03In 1848, prospector Ike Humphrey built the first cradle rocker, a simple contraption
16:15that was rocked back and forth with water to sift out sand from the heavier gold.
16:27Another tool was the sluice box, a rectangular wood trench designed for jets of water to
16:33be fed in from one end.
16:36Amid the turbulence, gold sinks to the bottom and is captured by cleats.
16:42These evolved into long toms, 12 to 18 foot long crates that require a powerful stream
16:48of water and several men to sift through great piles of pay dirt.
16:55A hundred thousand optimists had stampeded into California, and within just two years
17:03much of the surface gold was gone.
17:08Of all the gold ever discovered, 90% has been found since 1848.
17:15The California gold rush was a frenzy to collect riches free for the taking.
17:28But after just two years, surface gold was all but exhausted.
17:35From 1851 onward, western mining would be dominated by those with the financial resources
17:42to battle nature for every flake of gold.
17:46If you can dam the river and divert the river, then you have the whole stream bed to excavate,
17:53which is one of the first things that they did.
17:55And this was a very large operation to divert major streams, but they did it.
18:02Beginning in the 1850s, hydraulic mining changed the California landscape.
18:11Water was collected through a series of ditches into a pipeline and then fired under tremendous
18:17pressure through a giant nozzle.
18:22So powerful that it could kill a man at 200 feet, the jet stream tore away hillsides in
18:28the hope of revealing underlying deposits.
18:38Hydraulic mining created huge, muddy messes that polluted downriver, spoiling drinking
18:45water and wreaking havoc with farm irrigation.
18:50Long stretches of hillside vanished.
19:02Although an effective form of collecting gold, in 1884, the destructive practice was banned
19:09in California.
19:18Like the American West, the future lay in hard rock mining.
19:26This meant searching for gold-bearing veins and breaking ore from deep within the granite
19:31core of mountains.
19:34It meant the industrialization of mines, big money, heavy labor, and massive machinery.
19:52In 1850, gold and silver were discovered at the Comstock Lode in the mountains of Nevada,
19:59setting the stage for revolutionary improvements in underground mining.
20:09Philip Deutersheimer, a mining engineer at the Comstock Lode, devised the first reliable
20:14means of supporting deep tunnels.
20:17Known as square-set timbering, the system of interlocking wood beams was so sturdy that
20:24the collapse of any one section would not trigger a domino effect.
20:31This meant now the shafts could go much deeper, and they did on the Comstock Lode.
20:36They went down to 1,000 feet, 1,200 feet, 1,500 feet.
20:41And after this, it was used throughout the West, in fact, throughout the world.
20:48Deutersheimer's ingenuity allowed Comstock miners to exploit the rich core of Mount
20:52Davidson.
20:53For 30 years, beginning in 1859, the Comstock produced $400 million in silver and gold.
21:09But yet again, more efficient mining meant environmental devastation.
21:16Timbering devoured vast swaths of Western trees, 80 million board feet of timber and
21:23lumber each year.
21:26Before long, the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada was stripped bare for a stretch of
21:31100 miles.
21:38Skilled miners from distant lands flocked to the American West, bringing with them a
21:43cacophony of languages.
21:47The deeper the mines went, the hotter they got.
21:51Shafts on the Comstock Lode regularly reached a blistering 125 degrees.
21:57As a result, miners received a daily allotment of 95 pounds of ice per man, and were forced
22:04to take breaks every half hour.
22:16It was hellish work, not suited for everyone.
22:21No one knew their way around a mine better than the men of Cornwall, who had a long heritage
22:26of tin and coal mining.
22:29Their industriousness inspired the maxim that wherever there's a hole in the ground, you'll
22:35find a Cornishman at the bottom of it.
22:40Their lore showed a healthy respect for supernatural forces.
22:46Cornishmen could also be hard-headed scientists, and they pioneered the use of steam engines
22:51to pump water from mine shafts.
22:55In California and Nevada, the water table is between 200 and 300 feet deep, and any
23:01shaft below that encounters subterranean reservoirs.
23:07The Cornish pump could drain 18,000 gallons of water per hour, and operated on some mines
23:1424 hours a day for decades.
23:22In the 1870s, a series of inventions greatly increased the efficiency of mining, and the
23:29dangers.
23:30For thousands of years, gold seekers had used black powder to blast through to their treasure.
23:37The job of powder men paid relatively well, but it was also highly dangerous.
23:46Dynamite replaced black powder, quadrupling explosive power.
23:51With it came noxious fumes that could suffocate miners.
23:57And while dynamite is usually stable, when unexploded charges are placed in tightly drilled
24:02holes, removing them becomes a risky maneuver.
24:10In the 1880s, the invention of compressed air drills seemed like a godsend, freeing
24:16miners from back-breaking manual drilling.
24:21But the new drills soon became known as widow-makers.
24:25As they cut into rock, they stirred up clouds of razor-sharp silica dust that caused the
24:31lung disease, silicosis.
24:43Hundreds died before a safer water-flush drill was introduced in the 1890s.
24:54Drilling deep shafts presented many complications, and inspired bold solutions.
25:01At the Comstock load, an engineering marvel was devised that carried away excess water
25:07and toxic air.
25:10Adolph Sutro came up with an idea, a way to ventilate these deep shafts, and a way
25:16to drain away water, and that was to tunnel into Mount Davidson from the side.
25:22This would mean tunneling almost five miles.
25:25It was something like finding a needle in a haystack to be able to hit these shafts
25:30from the side of the mountain.
25:32Nonetheless, Sutro did it, but it took him about a decade.
25:44Throughout the West, mines were becoming larger and more sophisticated.
25:50But on the eve of the 20th century, the last great gold rush would expose novice prospectors
25:56to some of nature's harshest conditions.
26:04A man who worked ten years in the western gold mines faced a one-in-seven chance of
26:10death.
26:17The Yukon River in far western Canada is the fifth largest in North America.
26:23Among its many tributaries is the Klondike.
26:28Local Indians had long noticed yellow metal in streams and ignored it as useless to them.
26:34In 1896, news of a golden bonanza hit the front pages, and the rush was on.
26:43The stampede into the Klondike in the late 1890s was the last chance for those who had
26:50missed the rush to California in 49, the rush to Nevada in 59, the rush to Arizona
26:59in the early 80s.
27:01All these great rushes had come and gone.
27:04And now there was one last chance for those to take part in a great adventure.
27:17The Yukon had long, frigid winters, with temperatures plunging to 50 below.
27:24The Canadian Mounties required anyone entering the gold fields to carry a ton of supplies,
27:30enough to give them a fighting chance of survival.
27:34At Chilkoot Pass, a never-ending stream of pack-laden men made four trips a day for ten
27:40days just for their personal gear.
27:46Remarkably, some would also transport machinery weighing many thousands of pounds.
27:54There were large circular dredges with a series of rotating buckets to scoop out dirt for
28:00treatment.
28:02They had to be disassembled, hauled in pieces up mountains and over rapids, and reassembled
28:09on site.
28:11It's amazing.
28:13Even today there are dredges left from that era, and to see them in the middle of nowhere
28:19and the massive size and scale of these things, it's hard to conceive that these people were
28:25able to put these things there.
28:30For most of the year, the ground was frozen.
28:33Sawing even small sections of earth was an arduous and tedious process.
28:38The men would try to dig and build fires.
28:42They would try to direct jets of steam into the ground, into the ice, to thaw it out,
28:50because waiting for them was millions of dollars of pay dirt.
28:57From 1899 to 1904, the Klondike produced $100 million in gold.
29:05As in California, the easy gold went quickly, and only a fortunate few struck it rich.
29:13Most considered themselves lucky simply to survive and to have shared a grand adventure.
29:22St. Robert's service crystallized the spirit of the Yukon.
29:27You may recall in savage splendor that land that measures each man at his worth, and feel
29:34in memory half fierce, half tender, the brotherhood of men that knew the North.
29:52The romance of the Yukon drew a new generation of entrepreneurs and engineers to the gold
30:02fields of Alaska.
30:06These professionals would pioneer techniques that revolutionized hard rock mining.
30:16Alaskan ore is extremely low grade, with small deposits of gold spread over large areas.
30:24To be profitable, it must be collected and processed on an immense scale.
30:33By 1910, the Alaska Juneau mine was detonating 750 cases of dynamite at a time, breaking
30:41off millions of tons of rock in a single blast.
30:52Blessed with economy of scale, the mine prospered while recovering just one ounce of gold for
30:58every 22 tons of rock processed.
31:02Gold is not found in big nuggets or big chunks.
31:06Most people, if they were given a piece of ore, gold ore, would not have the slightest
31:11idea there's any gold in it.
31:13A miner can work his whole life and not see a fleck of gold.
31:25Once collected, the ore went through a multi-stage refining process.
31:36First, slabs of rock were crushed into manageable chunks.
31:46Then, great stamps, weighing up to 1,200 pounds a piece, pulverized the stones as fine as
31:56table salt.
32:00The powdered ore was mixed with water and fed downhill to amalgamation tables, where
32:11it was sprinkled with chemicals, first mercury, later cyanide, that act to separate out the
32:18gold.
32:23Scale was of great importance.
32:25With an economy of scale and profitably operating these gold mines, Treadwell had 960 stamps
32:34pounding away 363 days a year, the biggest stamp mill ever built in the history of mining.
32:40And these were used throughout the world at this point in time.
32:44Stamp mills generated a tremendous roar that could be heard a mile away.
32:51and depended on cheap, reliable sources of power.
32:55A series of hydroelectric plants were constructed, and the heavy rains of southeast Alaska put
33:00to work.
33:03The hydroelectric dam at Annex Creek drew its water from a unique source, a tunnel driven
33:10beneath the bottom of the lake.
33:14This tunnel went back 1,500 feet and then up 80 feet to the bottom of the lake, which
33:20happens to be 150 feet below the surface of the water.
33:23They blasted a hole through the bottom of this lake, and the water would literally flow
33:27out the bottom like a bathtub.
33:29It would go down this drain, which in this case was a tunnel, then into a pipeline two
33:34and a half miles down to Tidewater, where the power plant was.
33:40With their large-scale machinery and inventive technology, the Alaskan mines were precursors
33:46to the modern era of gold mining.
33:50During the summer of 1898, more than 7,000 boats sailed down the Yukon River to the boom
33:56town of Dawson City.
34:00For much of the 20th century, the value of gold was fixed at $35 an ounce.
34:12In 1968, the United States deregulated the price, and gold skyrocketed.
34:20Contemporary prices of roughly $300 an ounce have inspired immensely ambitious and expensive
34:27new mines.
34:33In the American West, mountains are moved and landscapes obliterated to make way for
34:39vast open-pit mines.
34:43Some of these pits are two miles long and a mile wide.
34:46I mean, they're massive.
34:48The scale of these pits are extremely impressive, and they're very deep, you know, 600, 700
34:54feet deep in some of them.
34:57And you see these huge haul trucks where the tires on them are, say, 12 feet in diameter,
35:04and you look at them in the bottom of the pit when you're standing at the top, and they
35:07look like little toy trucks coming up the spiral road, hauling the ore up to the surface.
35:16After great loads are collected from the pits, cyanide is sprinkled over rocks to efficiently
35:24dissolve out microscopic flecks of gold.
35:30Cyanide can contaminate surrounding soil, and so its residue is stored in special wells
35:36lined with protective plastic.
35:39These containers are closely monitored for signs of leakage.
35:45Open pits typically yield one ounce of gold from 40 tons of rock, enough to turn a profit
35:52at current prices.
35:58Modern mines are essentially giant assembly lines that must maintain balanced operation.
36:06A mine that produces more ore than could be transported or processed is needlessly
36:11wasteful.
36:13Computer simulations of changing scenarios, adding a truck here, subtracting 50 miners
36:19there, ensure that resources are allotted with maximum efficiency.
36:26The Lihair mine, which is a new gold mine located on an island near Papua New Guinea,
36:33was the first mine in the world to be totally designed via a computer simulation and animation
36:38model.
36:40The model was used for more than 150 of the what-if scenarios that the engineers were
36:46able to pose.
36:49They did this back in Bristol, England, for the mine that was halfway around the world
36:54near Papua New Guinea.
36:59Building a modern mine requires years of analysis, planning, and drilling, and costs between
37:05$200 million and $1 billion before realizing any income.
37:14Exploration geologists are under intense pressure to locate rich areas that will eventually
37:20pay off.
37:25For underground sites, the most reliable guides are diamond drills that can recover core samples
37:35from thousands of feet below the surface.
37:45The deepest and richest gold mines in the world today are the South African mines.
37:52More than two miles deep, their construction demands a mix of meticulous instrumentation
37:58and brute force.
38:01During one of my trips underground in South Africa, we walked for a mile or two, looking
38:07at everything, and I looked up and saw a sign hanging over the top of the drift.
38:12You are now leaving South Africa.
38:14We were entering another country deep underground.
38:18The surveyors were so exact, they were able to spot the exact inches where you're leaving
38:24the country.
38:28At the beginning of each eight-hour shift, groups of 150 miners reach the bottom after
38:33a swift 10-minute plunge.
38:41The escalator runs constantly until perhaps 2,000 men have entered an alien land.
38:49South African mines are a study in contrast.
38:54Ultra-modern technology constructs them, and traditional backbreaking labor keeps them
38:59running.
39:03Giant air conditioning systems on the surface cool water, which is then pumped into the
39:08to reduce air temperature.
39:11Once heated, the water is brought back out again, and the process is repeated.
39:18The air conditioning system of a single mine could cool a city of 100,000 people.
39:32Miners receive special training in walking, crawling, and drilling in claustrophobic
39:37conditions.
39:42They hail from a variety of African tribes with different languages and rely on universal
39:47visual signals developed especially for underground mines.
39:55There are even light signals that don't require words or enunciation.
40:01For example, the twisting of the head and rotating is no, and a lot of it is if you
40:08twist a lot, it means there's danger.
40:12Spontaneous rock bursts are considered a kind of mini-earthquake, and a single mine typically
40:18registers 700 such seismic events each month.
40:31After dynamite blasts have altered the stress levels, rocks will explode with body-piercing
40:37force.
40:43Combustible methane gas, a traditional mining hazard, can occur in deep mines.
40:49In response to recent accidents, naked flames have been banned underground.
40:57The gold mine where I worked had a methane explosion due to the mixture of air and methane
41:04and a light.
41:08This methane explosion killed nine miners underground.
41:17Research is now underway to determine if even deeper gold mines are feasible.
41:23Oil wells have been dug as deep as five miles.
41:26The question is whether humans can survive and work at such depths.
41:32If so-called ultra-deep mines are built, they will likely be manned by robot miners.
41:43In a world of change and uncertainty, gold is eternal.
41:51The history of human migration is in large part the history of gold's unique lure.
42:00Today, there is less gold per person than ever before, and it is increasingly difficult
42:06to find.
42:11But if the past is prelude, future gold seekers will discover ingenious new ways to pursue
42:18an ancient passion.
42:30For more UN videos visit www.un.org