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00:00An alligator with a robotic tail, a piece of plastic being inflated into a plastic bottle.
00:07These are things that you've probably never seen before.
00:10Here are 15 things that you'll see for the first time.
00:15Number 15.
00:16Fridge of the future.
00:18Family lives were radically changed with the invention of the refrigerator because it allowed
00:22for food to be stored in a controlled temperature in the home.
00:25Since the first, technology has come a long way, but in many regards, the versions we
00:30have in our kitchens today follow the same basic principle.
00:33They are cooled cabinet with shelves in them.
00:36That could well be about to change, however, with the new range of fridges for the future
00:40known as biorobots.
00:42Instead of facing the hassle of having to open a door and place your food inside, this
00:46device is made up of a panel of biopolymer gel that you place your items directly into.
00:51It can be mounted wherever you like, vertically, horizontally, or even on the ceiling if you
00:56want.
00:57And with no motor, it doesn't make any noise at all.
01:0090% of this fridge is usable space, and the gel is firm enough that it suspends produce
01:05in the exact place that you put it, while using a fraction of the power that current
01:08designs use.
01:10It works because of the presence of biorobots within the gel that use luminescence to keep
01:14everything cool.
01:16The production of light, which also generates cold temperatures, will mean that the gas
01:19and chemicals used in current fridge designs will no longer be necessary.
01:24So not only will this fridge be more efficient, it will also be far easier to recycle at the
01:28end of its lifespan.
01:3114.
01:32Lingcod With more than 28,000 known species of fish
01:36around the world, and being one of the most popular food sources on Earth, it's perhaps
01:41no surprise that there are ones that are wildly different to all the rest.
01:45But the lingcod is particularly unique.
01:48Also known as the buffalo cod, it's a species that's native to the west coast of North
01:52America, growing up to 60 inches long, and weighing as much as 130 pounds.
01:57It's a popular fish for consumption and for fishing, and are found at depths between 32
02:01and 328 feet.
02:03Despite the name, lingcod aren't related to either ling or cod, and were called this simply
02:07because they visually resemble those species.
02:10What's strange about the lingcod, though, is that one in five of those cod don't have
02:13the white flesh that we think of with fish, and instead theirs is a vibrant blue or turquoise
02:19color.
02:20Quite why this happens isn't entirely certain, but it's thought to be the result of their
02:23diet in some regions.
02:25Lingcod are bottom feeders, and it's possible that by eating certain types of hornworms
02:29and other creatures, they accumulate high levels of a compound called bilivertin in
02:33their bodies.
02:34This is the same chemical that causes a greenish coloration in bruises, is present in blue
02:39eggshells, and the blue-colored blood of some fish, and gives the lingcod's flesh an unusual
02:44hue as well.
02:45Luckily, though, it breaks down when cooking, so once it's ready to eat, it looks just like
02:49any other piece of fish.
02:51Number 13.
02:53One Million Colors
02:55Our eyes are one of the most complicated organs in our body, and while they may not provide
02:59us with the most precise and adaptable vision in the animal kingdom, their all-around functionality
03:04are one of the reasons why we have become the dominant species on the planet.
03:08A typical human eye is able to discern a huge amount, and can actually distinguish an estimated
03:1310 million different colors, but of course, this involves many different shades of the
03:17same colors that look very similar to one another.
03:20To give an example of this, scientists have developed an image that's made up of a series
03:23of squares, where the color values of each one have been altered ever so slightly.
03:28This might look at first to be a pattern that shows reds and greens turning into pinks and
03:32blues, but what you're actually looking at is one million different colors in one image.
03:37There are 100 squares, and in each one, the colors are being changed by just 1%.
03:43Those next to each other look virtually identical, but if you look really closely, and have a
03:47particularly sensitive eyesight, then you might be able to spot the difference.
03:51Not only is this a clever exercise in showing color variation, but it shows the kind of
03:55data our eyes and brains are continually evaluating.
03:58If we see a green leaf for example, it's rarely just one shade of green, and our brains
04:03are forced to make a decision whether to differentiate between all of the shades, or simply to show
04:07us a few of them to make things easier to comprehend.
04:11Exactly the same thing that's happening in this image, and some of the colors seem precisely
04:15the same.
04:1612.
04:18I am Somali Chicken
04:21Chickens are one of the most commonly bred species of animal on the planet, thanks to
04:24our reliance on their eggs and meat for food.
04:27But imagine for a moment what you think a chicken looks like.
04:30You've most likely thought of one of the classic chicken colorations that are most
04:33often seen in farms around the world.
04:35But at the same time, you'll be fully aware that they come in a range of different colors,
04:39from browns and oranges to whites and beiges.
04:42But have you ever seen a chicken that's completely black?
04:45We're not just talking about the feathers here either, but the eyes, the beak, and the
04:49feet, and even all of their internal organs?
04:51Well, that's the case with a breed called the I am Somali, and it's truly one of a kind.
04:57Originating in Indonesia, the I am Somali, which means thoroughly black, has a dominant
05:02gene that causes hyperpigmentation, whereby their bodies create far more pigment than
05:06normal.
05:07Growing to a similar size to other chickens, it's thought that they have been bred for
05:10at least 800 years, and for a long time held a religious significance.
05:15Amazingly, their beaks, their tongues, their combs, waddles, skin, flesh, and even their
05:19bones are a deep shade of black, which makes them somewhat unnerving to eat.
05:25But perhaps the biggest surprise, once you know this, is the color of their eggs, which,
05:29instead of being black like you'd expect, are exactly the same pale cream color as the
05:33eggs laid by other chickens.
05:41Fireworks are loved around the world, and are used to celebrate important dates in the
05:45calendar by lighting up the sky in a wealth of color.
05:48With the earliest decorative rockets dating back thousands of years, technology has come
05:52a long way and enabled intricate displays that dazzle and amaze, but they don't always
05:57go to plan.
05:58One of the largest annual displays in the U.S. is the Big Bay Boom, which happens each
06:03year to celebrate Independence Day over San Diego Bay.
06:07At least half a million people line the banks to watch 20 minutes of fireworks in what is
06:11one of the most logistically complex shows in the world, and for a time spanned 14 miles
06:17and 5 locations.
06:18In 2012, however, it seems that organizers stretched their capabilities just a little
06:23too far.
06:247,000 fireworks had been set up for a 17-minute display, the computer had been programmed
06:29to control the entire event, and organizers hit the button to start it all.
06:33But there was a problem.
06:34It turned out that one of the computer files had corrupted, and instead of putting on the
06:38carefully designed display, every single one of the rockets was discharged at the same
06:43time, and they all had exploded within the space of a minute.
06:47Luckily, no one was injured, but this massive explosion in the sky represents one of the
06:51costliest firework mistakes ever, and goes just to show how easy it is for something
06:57to go wrong.
06:5910.
07:00Alligator with a Prosthetic Tail Not only are alligators some of the most dangerous
07:05aquatic creatures in the world, but they're also incredibly efficient swimmers, meaning
07:09they can sneak up and pounce on their prey before they've even been seen.
07:12But living in such a cutthroat environment comes with inherent risks, and quite often
07:16alligators will suffer from serious injuries themselves.
07:19It's not too uncommon to see ones with missing legs or other appendages, but what does an
07:24alligator do if it loses its tail?
07:27It's such an important part of how they swim, you might think it's game over, but there's
07:31still hope for their survival, especially if a team of human scientists decide to try
07:35to solve the problem.
07:36Mr. Stubbs, an alligator from Arizona, lost his tail in 2013 while being transported by
07:41a group of illegal animal traffickers, and after being rescued was taken to the Phoenix
07:45Herpetological Society to be taken care of.
07:49At first, they found he'd just roll on his back and was unable to self-correct his position
07:53in the water, so they realized the radical solution would be needed if he were ever to
07:57live a normal life.
07:58The answer was a prosthetic tail, one that had been cast from that of a similarly sized
08:03alligator.
08:04By using a 3D scanner and printer similar to those used in movie productions, they were
08:07able to determine the exact size tail Mr. Stubbs needed.
08:11Within just five weeks of it being attached, he was already learning how to swim again,
08:14and while there's still a long road of unlearning the habits he'd picked up in the meantime,
08:19he's expected to make a full recovery.
08:219.
08:23Plastic Bottle Before Inflation Take a look at this small plastic bottle,
08:27what do you think it's used for?
08:29While they might look like a receptacle for storing medicine or perhaps dangerous liquids,
08:33you can actually use these in everyday life, just not in the form you see in this image.
08:38They are in fact what a 2-liter soda bottle looks like before it's inflated to full size.
08:42That's right, this is how they come off the production line, and it's much easier to transport
08:47them when they're in this size than if they were full size all along.
08:51These small PET bottles already have a normal size screw top, and the walls of the test
08:55tube-like objects are far thicker than the ones you buy that are full of soda, but that's
09:00all part of the magic of their production.
09:02The actual bottle and plant there are inserted into a machine that places them individually
09:06into a mold of the desired shape, gently heats the plastic so it's more malleable, and then
09:11injects a burst of air into the top.
09:14The bottle expands to the full size, and is then ready to be taken along the production
09:18line to be filled up with product before being sent to stores.
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09:338.
09:34Horn Shark Egg When you think of eggs, you normally imagine
09:37the type that are laid by chickens or other birds, but in the animal kingdom, eggs can
09:42come in all shapes and sizes.
09:44Perhaps the most surprising are those produced by horn sharks, but when you hear more about
09:49how they live their lives, the reason for these strange spiraled eggs becomes apparent.
09:54Horn sharks are a species that are native to the coastal waters of North America, where
09:57the adults swim around coral reefs in search of prey.
10:01Typically growing to around just 3.3 feet long, they're one of the smaller shark species
10:05in the region, and can be recognized by their blunt heads, the ridges over their eyes, and
10:10the two large spiny dorsal fins.
10:12They are nocturnal hunters, and because they don't overwhelm other animals in terms of
10:16size, they have far more competition to deal with than larger sharks.
10:21This has led to an adaptation when giving birth to give their young the best chance
10:24of survival, and is why their eggs are formed with two spiraling flanges around them.
10:29Horn sharks are one of the few shark species to care for their young after birth, and once
10:33they've laid their eggs, they pick each one up individually in their mouths and deposit
10:37them within the crevices of the reef.
10:40Spiral formations help the eggs to wedge in tight, and over a period of a few days they'll
10:44harden to ensure that no other animal is able to dislodge them.
10:487.
10:49Aquaca This ridiculously cute animal is called Aquaca,
10:54and they're known as the happiest animals on Earth thanks to the unique shape of their
10:59mouths that makes it appear as if they're always smiling.
11:02They're a herbivorous species of marsupial that are native to some of the smaller islands
11:06off the western coast of Australia, and usually grow to around the same size as a typical
11:10household cat.
11:12Weighing up to 11 pounds, they almost look like miniature kangaroos, and while they mainly
11:17hunt for plants to eat by walking along the ground, they have developed strong rear legs
11:21that allow them to climb small shrubs and trees in search of freshly grown foliage.
11:26Like kangaroos, quacas give birth to single babies, called joeys, and they live in a stomach
11:30pouch for the first six months of their lives.
11:33Troublingly, if a female quaca is in danger and needs to escape, she is likely to drop
11:38her joey on the ground, and its cries for help usually distract the predator for long
11:42enough that she's able to hide.
11:44The island that they're most prevalent is called Rottnest Island, where there are believed
11:48to be as many as 12,000 quaca.
11:51Their only natural predators there are snakes, and they've become quite used to interacting
11:54with tourists looking for a selfie with them.
11:57This comes with a warning, though, because despite looking so happy, they can be aggressive,
12:00and there are a number of incidents where careless visitors have been bitten on the
12:04hand by one.
12:066.
12:07Oakenite Crystal First found on Disco Island in Greenland in
12:121828, oakenite is a type of silicate mineral that has since been found around the world
12:16in countries like India, New Zealand, Ireland, and Chile.
12:20It forms within basalt geodes, so at first you may not even know that you've found a
12:24deposit.
12:25But once you crack the geode open, you're treated to a bizarre sight, one that looks
12:29like a rock covered in small balls of cotton wool.
12:33Because of the mineral's unusual crystalline structure, it becomes covered in very fine,
12:37hair-like crystals that extrude from the main mass in all directions.
12:41Surprisingly, although they are fragile, it's actually possible to gently bend these fibers
12:45quite some way before they'll break.
12:48You can see just why when they were first discovered, these crystals were thought to
12:51be living animals, and it was only after close study that researchers were certain
12:55that, instead of being cute furry creatures, this was in fact a mineral.
12:59With a chemical formula of CS2H2, there aren't many applications for oakenite, however you'll
13:06only usually see it being incorporated into unusual jewelry designs.
13:115.
13:13Glasswing Butterfly There are thought to be at least 20,000 known
13:16species of butterfly around the world, and potentially many more that are yet to be discovered.
13:21While most come in virtually every type of color you can possibly imagine, there's one
13:25type that has developed a unique means of camouflage, the glasswing butterfly.
13:30Found in regions across Central and South America, instead of relying on large spots
13:34to trick predators into thinking they're looking at a large eyeball, or vivid colors that warn
13:39them to stay away, the vast majority of a glasswing's wing is completely transparent,
13:44which means they essentially take on the color of whatever environment they're surrounded
13:48by, and makes them very difficult to spot.
13:51With bodies that grow to just over an inch long, and a wingspan that's twice that, you
13:55might think that their see-through wings make them weaker than other species, but surprisingly,
13:59they're incredibly strong, so much so that glasswing butterflies can carry objects that
14:03are up to 40 times their own body weight.
14:06This transparency is an extremely rare trait in butterflies, but glasswings don't solely
14:11rely on the hope that they won't be spotted.
14:13They also collect toxins in their bodies from particular plants that they feed on, and any
14:18bird that's unfortunate enough to try to eat one will at best experience a nasty taste,
14:23and at worst, will become extremely ill.
14:264.
14:28Square Watermelons A huge quantity of produce is wasted each
14:31year because in nature, vegetables and plants don't always grow to the same shape and size,
14:36and when they take on a strange shape, people are less likely to pick them up from supermarket
14:41shelves.
14:42As consumers, we expect everything to look just right, even if there isn't anything
14:46wrong with those that don't, but in some places, unusually shaped fruit can command
14:50an expensive premium.
14:52In Japan, for example, watermelons are extremely popular, but rather than the typical oval-shaped
14:56fruits that you might be used to, the most in-demand ones are perfect cubes.
15:01They were first created in the 1970s by a graphic designer, and are made by attaching
15:05a cubic mold around the watermelon as it's growing, so giving it no choice but to take
15:10on the unnatural shape.
15:13Originally intended to fit more easily into fridges, and to be easier to cut without rolling
15:17across the table, these square watermelons are actually purely ornamental, because they
15:22have to be harvested before they are ripe, and are therefore unpleasant to eat.
15:26Still, with prices of up to $100 for each one, there's no shortage of farmers who produce
15:31them, and you can now buy watermelons in a variety of shapes, such as hearts, pyramids,
15:36and perfect spheres.
15:383.
15:40Growing Sperm Whales Sperm whales are the largest tooth predators
15:44on Earth, typically growing up to 68 feet long, and weighing as much as 88 tons.
15:50To sustain this size, they have to continually hunt food like squid, octopus, and rays.
15:55To do this, they are the third deepest swimming mammal, often diving to depths of more than
15:597,000 feet.
16:01They live in oceans around the world, and while they have very few natural predators,
16:05their population numbers have rapidly declined in the past century as a result of hunting
16:09by humans, and the effects of climate change and pollution on their habitats.
16:13It was long thought that because they have to eat such huge quantities of food, they
16:17are a species that's almost continually awake, only taking occasional moments when
16:21part of their brain can shut down, but recent studies have found that this couldn't be
16:25further from the truth.
16:27Pods of sperm whales tend to sleep together in a formation, and are thought to do so for
16:31around 7% of the time, normally between around 6 p.m. and midnight.
16:36What's amazing about the way they do this is that they don't sleep horizontally like
16:40most animals, but instead suspend themselves vertically in the water, with their heads
16:44just below the surface, so they can take gulps of air when needed.
16:48This leads to one of the most serene and peaceful sights in the animal kingdom, and one that
16:52very few people have had the fortune to see in real life.
16:562.
16:58The Danakil Depression
17:00Surface of the Earth is covered in a wide range of strange geological phenomena, many
17:04of which seem out of this world.
17:06If you're looking for the most alien-like environment on our planet, then there's only
17:10one true contender, the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia.
17:14This strange place sits on the edge of three tectonic plates that are all pulling away
17:18from each other, and as a result of erosion by occasional flooding by the sea, changing
17:22ground levels because of the plate movement, and a number of other geological processes,
17:27this volcanically active region is unlike any other.
17:30It covers an area of just under 4,000 square miles, and is around 410 feet beneath sea
17:36level.
17:37When taking an average of year-round temperatures, it's the hottest place on the planet, and
17:41is made to feel even warmer because of the volcanoes and crater lakes that continuously
17:45release lava and bubble with the heat that breaches through from the Earth's mantle.
17:49The hot springs high in concentrations of sulfur make this place extremely inhospitable
17:54for life, despite being where remains of ancient human ancestors have been found, and it's
17:59because of this that the depression is regularly studied to understand how life may form in
18:03other worlds.
18:04Amazingly, studies have found that a number of microorganisms do actually thrive there,
18:10and it's seen as proof that alien life doesn't necessarily need conditions as perfect as
18:14they are elsewhere on Earth to exist.
18:171.
18:19Hungry Sea Stars With more than 1,500 different species spread
18:23out across the oceans of the world, the chances are that you've seen a sea star in real life
18:28before.
18:30When you encounter them in the water, they appear to be an inanimate object, and even
18:33if you do see one move, it'll only be very slightly.
18:37The truth is, though, that they don't stay in one place on the coral reef, and they're
18:40actually quite active animals.
18:42It's just that they move ever so slowly, almost as if they have a completely different
18:46understanding of the passage of time than we do, and it's only when you see them in
18:50time-lapse footage that you get an idea of how they behave.
18:54One of the most incredible things is to see them eating.
18:57They feed on various plants and animal life, and have a series of small, flexible stalks
19:01that they use to position their prey above the mouth at the center.
19:05Most species of sea stars have forcep-like jaws that can be used to pierce and pull apart
19:09shells, and the stars will devour their food by eating tiny pieces at a time.
19:14Stars aren't the only animals to function on a different timescale to us, and it's only
19:18since the development of technology that allows us to speed up or slow down footage that we've
19:23been able to truly understand their life cycles.
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