Nearly two years after Russia invaded Ukraine, the war is at a stalemate. Russia still controls about a fifth of Ukrainian territory, and last year's Ukrainian counteroffensive barely moved the frontline. Why has the war gotten so bogged down.
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00:00 Positional warfare in Ukraine.
00:10 Pictures of the Ukrainian army from the telegram channel of the 3rd assault brigade.
00:16 One thing is clear, the casualty list is high on both sides.
00:20 And the front line is hardly shifting.
00:25 We are approaching a culmination point which from a military point of view is always a
00:30 point where, in principle, a situation is on the brink of shifting in one direction
00:34 or the other.
00:37 That's the opinion of military expert Markus Reisner.
00:41 The Austrian officer is one of the best known analysts of the Russian war of aggression
00:45 in Ukraine.
00:46 He believes that the stalemate will give Russia the advantage in the long term.
00:52 The war on the brink.
00:53 How did it get this far?
00:55 Ukraine's counter-offensive fails in 2023.
00:59 Russian tank traps, trenches and minefields.
01:05 Each red dot marks a Russian position along the front.
01:09 Satellite image analysis indicates that Russian troops have been reinforcing positions while
01:14 Ukraine has been waiting for Western-supplied weapons.
01:19 More than 8 million mines are buried here.
01:24 The Ukrainian army can't find a way to drive a wedge through Russian occupied territory.
01:32 Ukrainian soldiers have to ration these 155mm shells.
01:37 There is a shortage of ammunition and weapons.
01:45 The dilemma is that Ukraine only ever gets what it needs to turn an asymmetrical situation
01:50 back into a symmetrical one.
01:53 But too little to actually drive the Russians into such a corner that they are virtually
01:58 forced to enter into negotiations.
02:02 The West only ever supplies enough weapons that the Ukrainians can fight on equal footing
02:07 with the Russians.
02:09 For example, the grain corridor from the Ukrainian seaport of Odessa to the world.
02:14 Russia is threatening to sink international merchant ships that are exporting vital grain
02:19 from the Ukrainian breadbasket for countries in Africa.
02:26 France and the UK supply Ukraine with precision missiles with a range of 250 kilometers, using
02:33 them to destroy Russian radar installations in Crimea, which was annexed in violation
02:38 of international law.
02:43 Russian naval ships leave the Crimean airport of Sevastopol to the east because of the threat.
02:49 The air defense of Odessa is strengthened also with Western help.
02:56 The Ukrainian grain corridor from Odessa across the Black Sea is free, a success for Ukraine.
03:07 But Russia follows up again.
03:11 As winter begins, Ukrainian soldiers report heavy attacks on the Eastern Front.
03:17 Russia again attacks large cities such as Kiev and power stations and substations with
03:22 missiles from the air, as it did in the first winter of the war.
03:27 Russian fighter jets can fire undisturbed from a safe distance because Ukraine still
03:32 lacks its own powerful aircraft.
03:39 Western F-16s are waiting to be deployed.
03:45 Ukrainian pilots are still being trained in neighboring NATO country Romania.
03:49 Until then, Russia has the advantage with its fighter jets.
03:53 "Essentially, it's a question of air defense.
03:56 So one is active air defense and the other is passive.
04:00 Active air defense means fighter aircraft that proactively prevent enemy fighter aircraft
04:05 from approaching at a certain distance in order to release weapons.
04:09 In other words, shooting them down more or less from a safe distance.
04:13 That is one thing, and passive air defense, in other words, everything around the factory,
04:17 so that it protects the factory according to different layers so that it cannot be destroyed."
04:24 On the ground, Ukraine is successfully arming itself with Western help.
04:29 Germany is supplying three Iris T-SLM air defense systems.
04:34 The high-tech product can also supply other launch bases with radar information.
04:39 The air defense system is successfully networked to counter missiles and drones.
04:45 Today the country has state-of-the-art air defense systems.
04:49 SAMPT from France, Iris T from Germany, Patriot from the USA.
04:56 Anti-aircraft tanks such as the German G-part successfully fend off drone attacks.
05:05 Since August 2023, a newly built ammunition factory in Germany has been supplying missiles
05:11 for the G-part tanks to Ukraine.
05:15 But Russia is back at it again, now with even more drones of the Lancet or the Shaid type,
05:20 cheap to produce, expensive to launch.
05:24 In the first year of the war, Ukraine still had an advantage in the drone battle Russia
05:28 is catching up.
05:30 "This situation is now being exacerbated by technological developments.
05:36 Ukraine has introduced very innovative new weapon systems in recent months, some of them
05:41 of a quality that you could previously only read about theoretically in texts about the
05:45 future of war.
05:47 Take for example the fact that we have whole swarms of drones that are in use almost simultaneously.
05:53 These first-person view drones, for example.
05:56 The Russian side copied these innovative ideas and, due to the fact that it still has a functioning
06:02 military-industrial complex, started to produce them on a large scale."
06:09 The battlefield in Ukraine has changed constantly in the first two years of the war.
06:14 More drones, more electronics.
06:24 And if you see now that each side knows in principle what the other is doing because
06:28 of the use, especially of many of these drones, we have what many have referred to in recent
06:33 years as the future so-called "transparent battlefield".
06:36 That is, whatever happens on the battlefield, each side immediately has an idea of what
06:41 is happening.
06:42 So whoever has the best overview wins, with electronic reconnaissance, with electronic
06:48 targeting.
06:50 Russia is becoming increasingly successful at jamming Ukrainian signals.
06:55 Experts speak of controlling the "electromagnetic field".
07:00 It's the area where radio transmissions are made, where communication takes place, where
07:04 the up and downing of drones takes place.
07:06 And if we succeed in controlling this, then you can actually blind the enemy again by
07:11 depriving them of the opportunity to use their drones.
07:16 For this, Ukraine needs more modern military equipment.
07:20 It needs advanced technology to beat Russia's superiority in soldiers, weapons and ammunition
07:27 to break the stalemate in the defensive war.
07:30 "