The World is Running Out of Sand

Sand is the 3rd most used resource in the world behind air and water, and world is running out of sand — there’s even a violent black market for it. Sand seems like an infinite resource — especially when one imagines endless beaches and deserts — but the granular material is one of the most-consumed resources on the planet, and it could be running out. This is because it’s used in a lot of products, such as toothpaste, sunscreen, kitchen sinks, computer chips and glass. But the biggest consumer of sand comes from the construction industry, which uses it to make brick, asphalt and concrete. The big business of sand is actually referred to as the “the new gold rush,” by many experts. And the demand comes with a warning. “Sand is the essential ingredient that makes modern life possible. And we are starting to run out,” journalist and author Vince Beiser told New York Times. The over-exploitation of sand is leading to the disappearance of beaches and islands, and it’s polluting rivers and wrecking havoc on the ocean floor. Not only that, it’s also creating a violent black market. Why is it being used? Sand and gravel are the most-extracted solid materials in the world, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Formed by erosive processes over thousands of years, it’s also mined at a rate far greater than its renewal. Between 47 and 59 billion tonnes of sand and gravel (also known as aggregates) are mined every year, UNEP said. It’s used in concrete and asphalt for roads, buildings, parking lots, runways and many other structures. China and India, which are leading a global construction boom, are some of the most voracious consumers of sand due to rapid economic growth. “From 2011 to 2013, China used more cement than the United States used in the entire 20th century,” Beiser told the New York Times. Many of these growing cities require vast amounts of sand for apartment blocks, skyscrapers and shopping malls. The demand for the resource is so boundless that certain types of construction sand that’s used in Dubai (which is a desert city), is imported from Australia. What about desert sand? The sand that is used in most products is found at the bottom of rivers, lakes, oceans and on beaches. Unfortunately, the sand from the desert is unsuitable for construction. “The sand from the desert does not work as the grains are too round from wind erosion, so it does not stick together and offer strength,” said researcher and founder of sandstories.org, Kiran Pereira. “You need angular grains that will interlock and hold concrete together. That’s why so much sand has been used from rivers and oceans,” she said. Because desert sand is almost useless for construction, a lot of nations, like Dubai and Mauritania, which are located in deserts, actually face shortages with the resource. For example, Dubai imported sand from Australia to build the Burj Khalifa tower, the highest building in the world at 828 metres.