Egypt's Lost Queens
Egypt's Lost Queens: Professor Joann Fletcher explores what it was like to be a woman of power in ancient Egypt. Through a wealth of spectacular buildings, personal artefacts and amazing tombs, Joann brings to life four of ancient Egypt's most powerful female rulers and discovers the remarkable influence wielded by women, whose power and freedom was unique in the ancient world.
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Transcript
00:08Ancient Egypt, a rich history that
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undefined:undefinedmen.
00:35But when we start to look around at
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undefined:undefinedsublime to the ridiculous,
00:49from the monumental to the tiny
00:51because most of the images we have
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undefined:undefinedlegacy.
01:14There she is,
01:16Arsinoe, pharaoh, the goddess.
01:20Ancient Egypt was a society
01:22in which women had more rights than
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedground,
01:45but this is where it all began.
01:48The powerful leader.
01:50Look at me. I am a pharaoh.
01:55The perfect diplomat.
01:57Not only beautiful, this woman was
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedfemale authority
02:13that would influence not only
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undefined:undefinedof Ancient Egypt...
02:34its women.
02:48Now to understand the women of
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undefined:undefined45
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undefined:undefinedcharacters
03:01unparalleled powers and status.
03:04Powers inherited from the very gods
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe wonderful River Nile.
03:35Now, in essence, what these creation
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undefined:undefinedof Egyptian deities male and female,
03:54no less important and just as
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedEgyptians,
04:11unlike most ancient cultures,
04:13it was Isis who was the active,
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undefined:undefinedstrong enough
04:27to bring him back to life and
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undefined:undefinedmythical woman,
04:49are in many ways key to
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undefined:undefinedin search of gained her own power
05:07and prestige as a mother.
05:12She lived in the early time of the
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undefined:undefinedtheir bodies,
06:00the Egyptian elite built ever-more
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthese.
06:19And they are very big. They are very
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbe buried close by
06:44to ensure his rebirth into the next
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undefined:undefinedground,
07:01but this is where it all began.
07:06This is the entrance to the tomb of
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undefined:undefinedlandscape.
07:23It was on the edge of the desert
07:25where the Egyptians traditionally
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undefined:undefinedas a result of her tomb being here
07:41and it was filled with the most
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedintact royal burial ever found,
08:13predating the tomb of Tutankhamen
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedpack furniture.
08:36This is the bedroom suite, if you
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undefined:undefinedboxes.
08:54And among these boxes, a unique
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddifferent sizes.
09:10They start off quite large
09:12and then they get increasingly
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undefined:undefinedwoman in his life.
09:42So, he made sure that her tomb was
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undefined:undefinedthis dark ebony wood.
10:07You can see the little figure of the
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedall these wonderful titles
10:29that Hetepheres held in her
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinednames Hetepheres,
10:47the woman herself and in the very
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undefined:undefinedthem.
11:16For a slightly less royal ride
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthis royal woman was
11:32that like the goddesses, she was
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedgood.
11:57I wouldn't like to go very far in it
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undefined:undefined178
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedworld,
12:41but she was only ever royal mother
12:44unlike my next mighty woman of
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedpharaoh...
13:20..Hatshepsut would really make
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedstraightforward
13:45and required some skilful,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand was eventually crowned king.
14:07But how did she hold on to her
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineda woman
14:33to project herself as the perfect
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedis doing here.
14:48The correct crown, the tie on
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedinscription.
15:04It was all about the visual
15:06and that is what Hatshepsut was so
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddazzling statements of power
15:37to her own appearance.
15:41I'm travelling to Hatshepsut's
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedfunerary temple
16:08at Deir el-Bahari.
16:11Known by its most ancient name 'the
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undefined:undefinedpiece of architecture.
16:30It's clean, geometric lines contrast
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedcommemorate the life
16:44of the great female pharaoh
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undefined:undefinedspecific reasons.
17:13Firstly, it lay directly across
17:16from the great temple of the state
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undefined:undefinedwith scenes personally selected
17:31by Hatshepsut illustrating
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedagainst Egypt's enemies in Nubia.
18:01And some of the offerings discovered
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedflaming against her enemies."
18:23This very special thing.
18:26It's a votive offering, presentative
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedprosperity.
19:07She formed economic alliances
19:09that brought wealth into her
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undefined:undefinedscale.
19:28She also reopened the very lucrative
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedmeet them
19:43and this is the place where
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthey're then going to trade
19:58with the Puntites for this most
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedperfume production.
20:20And Hatshepsut herself is known to
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undefined:undefinedcelebrity,
20:33Hatshepsut also had her own
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undefined:undefined294
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof time travel.
21:03That's quite amazing.
21:04This small alabaster vessel still
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedread the words.
21:30It's contained in this very vessel.
21:50Maintaining power for over two
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedfor posterity,
22:31she commissioned two pairs of pink
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto her father,
22:59to "the one who made me," she says.
23:03And by father she didn't mean her
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof esoteric lightning rod
23:23to catch the very first rays of the
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedgod Amun was worshipped.
23:52This huge religious complex was
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof the heart of Amun', the state god
24:20and lay at the very centre of his
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedpriests
24:41bringing in the sacred barque
24:44on which the statue of the god
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedassistant,
25:07he's burning incense to welcome the
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedveneration to Amun.
25:36And assisted by the priests,
25:38the pharaoh had to personally
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undefined:undefined361
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe god,
25:52presenting the offerings and pouring
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand beyond the chapel,
26:15the god's protection spread
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof a female pharaoh
26:37remained so strong that, for some,
26:40Hatshepsut's been cast as a kind
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthrone.
26:52For others, however, she's a huge
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedtook sole power
27:14and for now, female rule was over.
27:39Leaders like Hatshepsut reveal
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undefined:undefinedand go to court.
27:55It may all sound reasonable now, but
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedmodels.
28:14Tell me, Sahar, in terms of the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
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undefined:undefined396
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedmuch under the academic carpet.
28:32But what's the situation in Egypt,
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undefined:undefined400
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand grandmothers
28:49and that's why in my writings
28:52those female goddesses come back to
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undefined:undefined407
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwere quite a rarity
29:27and by the 19th dynasty,
29:29a new regime of ex-military men from
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto assert herself
29:53at the heart of Egyptian politics.
29:59Her name was Nefertari.
30:05Meaning 'the loveliest one of all',
30:07Nefertari was not only beautiful,
30:10she was also one of Egypt's most
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedanywhere in Egypt
30:42without bumping into him.
30:44For he ruled longer, built bigger
30:47and certainly boasted more than
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbut essentially a ball of gas.
31:11And this really cuts to the
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undefined:undefinedscale
31:23while even his favourite wife,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
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undefined:undefinedtraditional boundaries.
31:49So I'm going 400km south to tell a
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand respect into all
32:11who sailed past along the Nile
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undefined:undefined447
undefined:undefined448
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undefined:undefinedis next door...
32:51..within a temple dedicated,
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undefined:undefinedshe is wearing.
34:01Built to make a statement,
34:03the temples towering size, conveyed
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undefined:undefinedevery force at his disposal,
34:19including the good lady wife,
34:22the little woman at home,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe ultimate trophy wife.
34:41THEY SPEAK IN ARABIC
34:50In the interior of her temple,
34:52Nefertari appears in a variety
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undefined:undefined477
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedRamses,
35:09who's in that classic pose of an
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undefined:undefinedhead,
35:29literally bashes out their brains.
35:34And all the while,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddirector Dr Ahmed Saleh
36:07has spent many years studying the
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe throne.
36:25That means he had fallen in love
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedShe stayed in the boat,
36:49maybe she can see the statues of her
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined508
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedIt is a sad story.
37:03I think this is the last time of
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined513
undefined:undefined514
undefined:undefined515
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedinside Nefertari's tomb.
37:42The place where I can find more
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined520
undefined:undefined521
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand I am really excited
38:10cos this is an absolute gem
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined525
undefined:undefined526
undefined:undefined527
undefined:undefined528
undefined:undefined529
undefined:undefined530
undefined:undefined531
undefined:undefined532
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedanother, after another.
38:54There's nothing here left to
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined537
undefined:undefined538
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedappearance.
39:14Her eyes and eyebrows outlined in
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined542
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand she really lives up to this...
39:33this name that she has.
39:35She is the ultimate
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined549
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedabout Nefertari in life.
40:04Nefertari's chosen to have
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined555
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe deity of Thoth,
40:23the ibis-headed god of literacy
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined560
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbefore Thoth.
40:37She says, "I am a scribe.
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined565
undefined:undefined566
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhieroglyphs
40:58was then regarded as the ultimate
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined570
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhusband
41:29would also have required a
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined575
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedcorresponded
41:48with her opposite number in the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined581
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhave translated it into cuneiform,
42:09and then embossed it on small clay
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined585
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwife Nefertari.
42:27It's full of warmth,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined589
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedgood forever."
42:50And at the very end, there's this
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined594
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineda necklace of pure gold,
43:07"and some coloured linen to make a
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined599
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedear,
43:30we can see something which
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined604
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwrote the ancient correspondents,
43:44but in Nefertari's ear is a silver
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined608
undefined:undefined609
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedGreece they knew about Nefertari
44:03and these earrings were sent to her
44:05and she wore them with great pride
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined614
undefined:undefined615
undefined:undefined616
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwhole of Egypt.
44:33I think one of the things that
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined621
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedNefertari's husband's not here -
44:48the great Ramses is nowhere present.
44:52He's on every temple throughout
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined627
undefined:undefined628
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedactually portrayed
45:13in his wife's tomb.
45:15I, personally, prefer to think
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined633
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedforever."
45:29But whatever the real reason,
45:31there's no doubting the importance
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined638
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedin sharp decline.
45:51Amidst rampant inflation
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined643
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwere the Macedonian Ptolemies,
46:09who would change Egypt's fortunes
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined650
undefined:undefined651
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedtwo worlds,
46:52the Egyptian and the Greek,
46:54building on a legacy inherited from
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined658
undefined:undefined659
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedrumoured half-brother Ptolemy,
47:26whose dynasty then went on to rule
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined664
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas sent to Greece
47:48for an arranged royal marriage.
47:56Then, at the death of her husband,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined670
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbrother, the pharaoh, to marry her.
48:13He would be her route to the crown.
48:18In one move, Arsinoe became ruler
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined676
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedruler before her.
48:46The bronze figure is all very
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined681
undefined:undefined682
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedvessel,
49:01but within it, all the bounty,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined688
undefined:undefined689
undefined:undefined690
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas sustained
49:36by a continuous flow of exotic
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined694
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthrived too,
49:51as Egypt became the greatest
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined706
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineda sophisticated bureaucracy
50:42to manage the staggering wealth
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined710
undefined:undefined711
undefined:undefined712
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedinventory of all Egypt's assets.
51:12She created royal monopolies on
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined718
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedmeans of financial transactions.
51:31Pretty much, it was the beginning of
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined723
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedagenda.
51:52This coin shows Arsinoe wearing the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined727
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedelite Greek matron.
52:11Very respectable looking, very well
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined731
undefined:undefined732
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedThe Great.
52:28Arsinoe is using this very, very
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined737
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof Egypt's state god Amun.
52:51And so, by adopting this symbol
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined741
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineda remarkable site
53:20on an island in the middle of the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined746
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedtheir traditional deities.
53:58But at Philae,
54:00she was also worshipped as the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined752
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedit was kind of an outpost
54:21both in terms of its southerly
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined756
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedworshipped here,
54:35Arsinoe, too, was the resident
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined761
undefined:undefined762
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedsubjects.
55:03She had certainly played a
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined767
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto all of them.
55:24Follow me, this way.
55:26There she is, Arsinoe, Pharaoh,
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined775
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedArsinoe's full story.
55:48If we start with this crown.
55:51This is the red crown.
55:52It represents northern Egypt and
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined782
undefined:undefined783
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedgreat royal wife Nefertari,
56:12wife of Ramses II.
56:14And then we move on to the twisted
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined788
undefined:undefined789
undefined:undefined790
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof all life.
56:36Takes us right back to the pyramid
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined795
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedmany centuries before her.
56:55It's a wonderful thing.
57:11With this crown later adopted by the
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined800
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhas been an incredibly opportunity
57:45to engage with Ancient Egypt in a
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined804
undefined:undefined805
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedgoddesses and pharaohs.
58:15They were incredibly strong.
undefined:undefined00:00:17,052 --> 00:00:21,076
undefined:undefined