Well, the problem with the fall of the Qing Dynasty in the revolution in 1911 is that it doesn’t mark a new start. It marks the collapse of the old regime, but that’s not the real beginning of the new regime. I mean the great problem that China faced from the mid-19th century, if not in some respect rather earlier than that is what was its response to European modernity, European industrialization, European military powers. China found it very very difficult to come to terms with this. It was grudging, it was limited, it was spasmodic.
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