(a) describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they contain or produce in
aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator paper
(b) describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator
paper and the pH scale
(c) describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and carbonates
(d) describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of
ionisation
(e) describe neutralisation as a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce
water, H+ + OH– → H2O
(f) describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated using
calcium hydroxide
(g) describe the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts
(h) classify oxides as acidic, basic or amphoteric, based on metallic/non-metallic character
aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator paper
(b) describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator
paper and the pH scale
(c) describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and carbonates
(d) describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of
ionisation
(e) describe neutralisation as a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce
water, H+ + OH– → H2O
(f) describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated using
calcium hydroxide
(g) describe the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts
(h) classify oxides as acidic, basic or amphoteric, based on metallic/non-metallic character
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